Because of the mare's type of placenta and its attachment and blood supply, the foal will be limited in its growth within the uterus to the size of the mare's uterus, but will grow to its genetic potential after it is born. old use or humorous At the age of 70, he married a much younger woman and went on to … The plant or gamete responsible for fertilizing an ovule that develops into a seed. After Charles II retook the British throne in 1660, horse racing, which had been banned by Cromwell, was revived. I felt as though I had just won the Futurity myself . 5. The word sire is now considered archaic. Heritability is the fraction of the total variation observed in a trait that can be accounted for by genetics. Thus a colt conceived in England but foaled in the United States is regarded as being bred in the US. In time they evolved along similar lines as the Quarter Horse to the South as both the US and Canada spread westward and needed a calm and tractable horse versatile enough to carry the farmer's son to school but still capable of running fast and running hard as a cavalry horse, a stockhorse, or a horse to pull a conestoga wagon. These horses were the ancestors of the great heavy horses of today, and their size was preferred not simply because of the weight of the armor, but also because a large horse provided more power for the knight's lance. Overfeeding the pregnant mare, particularly during early gestation, should be avoided, as excess weight may contribute to difficulties foaling or fetal/foal related problems. Test breedings have been done with draft horse stallions bred to small mares with no increase in the number of difficult births.[24]. Skirting - removing the stained, unusable, or undesirable portions of a fleece. She may be "teased" several times with a stallion that will not breed to her, usually with the stallion being presented to the mare over a barrier. True implantation – invasion into the endometrium of any sort – does not occur until about day 35 of pregnancy with the formation of the endometrial cups, and true placentation (formation of the placenta) is not initiated until about day 40-45 and not completed until about 140 days of pregnancy. When an early foal is desired, barn managers will put the mare "under lights" by keeping the barn lights on in the winter to simulate a longer day, thus bringing the mare into estrus sooner than she would in nature. For example, larger, heavier animals with a very steady attitude are bred to give competitors an advantage in events such as team roping, where a horse has to start and stop quickly, but also must calmly hold a full-grown steer at the end of a rope. If the mare is not pregnant, she may be bred again during her next cycle. The Book Series uses Mother and Father 2. Both are genetically important, as each parent provides half of the genetic makeup of the ensuing offspring, called a foal. --Ajedi32 00:38, February 8, 2010 (UTC) While some owners of only a few horses may keep a foal for purely personal enjoyment, many individuals breed horses in hopes of making some money in the process. Contrary to popular misuse, "colt" refers to a young male horse only; "filly" is a young female. On the other hand, during this same time, lighter horses were bred in northern Africa and the Middle East, where a faster, more agile horse was preferred. This animal was later adapted through selective breeding to create a strong but rideable animal suitable for the heavily armored knight in warfare. The French saddle horse is an excellent example as is the Irish Sport Horse, the latter being an unusual combination between a Thoroughbred and a draft breed. Of a male: to procreate; to father, beget. Is there a market for the foal in the event that the owner does not wish to keep the foal for its entire life? In the meantime, in northern Europe, the locally adapted heavy horse with a thick, warm coat was domesticated and put to work as a farm animal that could pull a plow or wagon. In pedigree terms, the father is the sire and the mother is the dam. Thanks! sire (plural sires) A lord , master , or other person in authority , most commonly used vocatively : formerly in speaking to elders and superiors, later only when addressing a sovereign . Usually used now to sarcastically refer to somebody with an inflated ego. These crosses ultimately produced new breeds such as the American Quarter Horse and the Criollo of Argentina. In many cases, the low end of the market is saturated with horses, and the law of supply and demand thus allows little or no profit to be made from breeding unregistered animals or animals of poor quality, even if registered. Noun . A stud is an uncastrated male horse, also known as a stallion, that is being used for breeding. Smut-faced - blackface x whiteface Once the foal is born, the mare will lick the newborn foal to clean it and help blood circulation. Additional personal beliefs may come into play when considering a suitable level of care for the mare and ensuing foal, the potential market or use for the foal, and other tangible and intangible benefits to the owner. A veterinarian may also determine if the mare is ready to be bred, by ultrasound or palpating daily to determine if ovulation has occurred. "-Sue Hearst "The NRHA Sire & Dam Program is the greatest thing going. Learn more. Breeding a horse can be an expensive endeavor, whether breeding a backyard competition horse or the next Olympic medalist. The father is called the "sire". As a symbol dam is . ‘If the sire was determined to be Angus or Brangus, then conception date was determined by subtracting 283 d from calving date.’ ‘When few or no ancestors are common to the sire and dam, the breeding is known as an outcross.’ ‘As is typical of cow herds, the sires were not in contact with their calves.’ [12] Mares are dewormed a few weeks prior to foaling, as the mare is the primary source of parasites for the foal. Sire vs Damsire. The most dramatic fetal development occurs in the last 3 months of pregnancy when 60% of fetal growth occurs. Stud book numbers will be on a certified pedigree. What does damsire mean? For example, the Arabian horse of the desert naturally developed speed and endurance to travel long distances and survive in a harsh environment, and domestication by humans added a trainable disposition to the animal's natural abilities. A foal will begin to eat hay, grass and grain alongside the mare at about 4 weeks old; by 10–12 weeks the foal requires more nutrition than the mare's milk can supply. A jumper has a more powerful build than either the hunter or the racehorse.[20]. This is the British English definition of sire.View American English definition of sire. This concept, known as matching "form to function," has led to the development of not only different breeds, but also families or bloodlines within breeds that are specialists for excelling at specific tasks. The mare will then be presented to the stallion, usually with one handler controlling the mare and one or more handlers in charge of the stallion. Some bloodlines are also fashionable or otherwise marketable, which is an important consideration should the mare owner wish to sell the foal. A mare also does not have to travel to the stallion, so the process is less stressful on her, and if she already has a foal, the foal does not have to travel. The fetus's sex can be determined by day 70 of the gestation using ultrasound. People also use sire as a verb, meaning the act of fathering puppies. If it is a certified pedigree, all names will have registration numbers listed and if it is a breed with specific colors, these will also be listed. As the USA expanded West, the breed went with settlers as a farm and ranch animal, and "cow sense" was particularly valued: their use for herding cattle increased on rough, dry terrain that often involved sitting in the saddle for long hours. The racing type most resembles the finer-boned ancestors of the first racing Quarter Horses, and the type is still used for ¼-mile races. 4. A sire is an animal's father. 4. That individual may not have had anything to do with the mating of the mare. [19] Many stud farms worldwide employ technology to alert human managers when the mare is about to foal, including webcams, closed-circuit television, or assorted types of devices that alert a handler via a remote alarm when a mare lies down in a position to foal. In fact, the parthenogenetic or control line sires had less of an impact on any fresh egg components measured in the current study as compared to the dams. --Ajedi32 00:38, February 8, 2010 (UTC) The lighter weighting of dams is justified simply on the basis of numbers. Lv 7. Sci. A horse’s father is the sire, and so is the horse’s male parent. - Dam that is between eight (8) months and ten(10) years of age at the time of mating and a - Sire that is between eight (8) months and twelve (12) years of age at the time of mating. The second table, Sire/Dam - Race Type, gives us the same information as before but this time we're only looking at all those runs by all those horses from these sire and dams but only if the race was run on the flat. The relative ratios of improvement from sire and dam pathways is 57:43. Mare care boarding fees and semen collection fees can be a major cost. The types of horse bred varied with culture and with the times. [22][23] Many times, a mature horse will achieve status in a herd similar to that of its dam; the offspring of dominant mares become dominant themselves. The lighter horse suited the raids and battles of desert people, allowing them to outmaneuver rather than overpower the enemy. Instead of speed, value is placed on appearance and upon giving the equestrian a comfortable ride, with natural jumping ability that shows bascule and good form. Contrary to popular misuse, "colt" refers to a young male horse only; "filly" is a young female. 20.6%. When Middle Eastern warriors and European knights collided in warfare, the heavy knights were frequently outmaneuvered. Archaic A male ancestor; a forefather. Locuciones verbales: Inglés: Español: dam [sth] up vtr phrasal sep phrasal verb, transitive, separable: Verb with adverb(s) or preposition(s), having special meaning, divisible--for example, "call off" [=cancel], "call the game off," "call off the game." When it has been determined that the mare is ready, both the mare and intended stud will be cleaned. [1][4] It is important to review each breed registry's rules to determine which applies to any specific foal. with those East of the Mississippi River increasingly bred to impress and mimic the trends of the upper classes of Europe: The Tennessee Walking Horse and Saddlebred were originally plantation horses bred for their gait and comfortable ride in the saddle as a plantation master would survey his vast lands like an English lord. Enrich your vocabulary with the English Definition dictionary 3. Artificial insemination, listed below, is not permitted. the dam The mother is called the dam. The cycle begins when the increased day length causes the pineal gland to reduce the levels of melatonin, thereby allowing the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH. Dam: A horse's female parent. Some sires produce so many puppies that their genes begin to flood the gene pool, which sometimes causes problems. Frozen semen may be stored and used to breed mares even after the stallion is dead, allowing his lines to continue. Later, the people who settled America needed a hardy horse that was capable of working with cattle. ", Six cloned horses help rider win prestigious polo match, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_breeding&oldid=1000412583, Horse-related professions and professionals, Articles with incomplete citations from November 2012, Articles needing additional references from June 2013, All articles needing additional references, All articles that may contain original research, Articles that may contain original research from August 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. While horses in the wild mate and foal in mid to late spring, in the case of horses domestically bred for competitive purposes, especially horse racing, it is desirable that they be born as close to January 1 in the northern hemisphere or August 1 in the southern hemisphere as possible,[10] so as to be at an advantage in size and maturity when competing against other horses in the same age group. Smaller breeders often use a small pen with a large shed for foaling, or they may remove a wall between two box stalls in a small barn to make a large stall. Dander: Small scales from the skin, hair, or feathers of an animal, often causing an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals. admires, mardies, misread, side arm, sidearm OFA and CERF numbers will be on a certified pedigree. Generally, the stallion should have proven himself in the discipline or sport the mare owner wishes for the "career" of the ensuing foal. AI allows more mares to be bred from one stallion, as the ejaculate may be split between mares. Just as you refer to your parents as mom and dad, a horse’s parents are referred to as a dam and sire. dam noun [C] (MOTHER) the female parent of an animal, especially a horse: The horse has American bloodlines on his dam's side. Draft horses today are used on a few small farms, but today are seen mainly for pulling and plowing competitions rather than farm work. A mare that is in heat will generally tolerate a teaser (although this is not always the case), and may present herself to him, holding her tail to the side. Theriogenology 81 (2014); 138-151. So mother and father=dam and sire. Both are genetically important, as each parent provides half of the genetic makeup of the ensuing offspring, called a foal. During the first several months of pregnancy, the nutritional requirements do not increase significantly since the rate of growth of the fetus is very slow. Heavy harness horses are now used as an outcross with lighter breeds, such as the Thoroughbred, to produce the modern warmblood breeds popular in sport horse disciplines, particularly at the Olympic level. A sire is the father and a dam is the mother of a puppy or puppies. However, the sire difference for these parameters for the 2 sire lines was less than that seen between the 2 dam lines. Thesaurus Trending Words. Some breed registries may not permit the registration of foals resulting from the use of frozen semen after the stallion's death, although other large registries accept such usage and provide registrations. [5] Horses with the same sire but different dams are simply said to be "by the same sire", and no sibling relationship is implied. Labor is rapid, often no more than 30 minutes, and from the time the feet of the foal appear to full delivery is often only about 15 to 20 minutes. See more. The relative ratios of improvement from sire and dam pathways is 57:43. Mankind has plenty of equestrian statues of Roman emperors, horses are mentioned in the Odyssey by Homer, and hieroglyphics and paintings left behind by Egyptians tell stories of pharaohs hunting elephants from chariots. A male animal; a stud, especially a horse or dog, that has fathered another. Damn definition, to declare (something) to be bad, unfit, invalid, or illegal. dam +‎ sire. Does the owner of the potential foal have the expertise to properly manage and train a young animal once it is born? A male animal; a stud, especially a horse or dog, that has fatheredanother. This led to the development of breeds such as the Thoroughbred, a horse taller than the Arabian and faster over the distances of a few miles required of a European race horse or light cavalry horse. A female dog is called a bitch and a female used for breeding is called a brood bitch. The history of the word madam is similar to sir. Dismount: To get off a horse. [14] Exercise in excessively high temperatures has been suggested as being detrimental to pregnancy maintenance during the embryonic period;[15] however ambient temperatures encountered during the research were in the region of 100 degrees F and the same results may not be encountered in regions with lower ambient temperatures. dam line synonyms, dam line pronunciation, dam line translation, English dictionary definition of dam line. The word sire in the horse world is usually used in place of the father. Weighing almost twice as much as a normal riding horse, the destrier was a powerful weapon in battle meant to act like a giant battering ram that could quite literally run down men on an enemy line. impregnated) mares. Making a profit in horse breeding is often difficult. No other artificial fertility treatment is allowed. Filly: A female horse, four-years-old or younger. Bloodlines are often considered, as some bloodlines are known to cross well with others. A lord, master, or other person in authority, most commonly used vocatively: formerly in speaking to elders and superiors, … After the formation of the endometrial cups and early placentation is initiated (35–40 days of gestation) the terminology changes, and the embryo is referred to as a fetus. Archaic A gentleman of rank. Then, centuries later, when people in Europe wanted faster horses than could be produced from local horses through simple selective breeding, they imported Arabians and other oriental horses to breed as an outcross to the heavier, local animals. Answer Save. In modern times, these breeds themselves have since been selectively bred to further specialize at certain tasks. Definition of SIRE (verb): become the father of an animal. Mare owners also look into the question of if the stallion is fertile and has successfully "settled" (i.e. Trace minerals such as copper are extremely important, particularly during the tenth month of pregnancy, for proper skeletal formation. Retained fetal membranes can cause a serious inflammatory condition (endometritis) and/or infection. sire sire 2 verb [transitive] 1 TA to be the father of an animal, especially a horse or dog a stallion that has sired several race winners 2 old-fashioned SEX/HAVE SEX WITH to be the father of a child Sam sired eight children. The telltale important fact is that by using a genomic program the rate of annual genetic gain is 185% to 200% of what can be achieved by using the traditional progeny testing program. AI allows mares or stallions with health issues, such as sore hocks which may prevent a stallion from mounting, to continue to breed. The estrous cycle (also spelled oestrous) controls when a mare is sexually receptive toward a stallion, and helps to physically prepare the mare for conception. The Thoroughbred breeding hub in Lexington, Kentucky was developed in the late 18th century, and became a mainstay in American racehorse breeding. [7] In addition, the maternal grandfather of a horse has a special term: damsire. Heritability is the fraction of the total variation observed in a trait that can be accounted for by genetics. Energy requirements during these last few months, and during the first few months of lactation are similar to those of a horse in full training. When breeding live cover, the mare is usually boarded at the stud. It is considered safe to breed a mare to a stallion of much larger size. Though the precise date is in dispute, humans could have domesticated the horse as far back as approximately 4500 BCE. View the pronunciation for sire. The highest stud fees are generally for racing Thoroughbreds, which may charge from two to three thousand dollars for a breeding to a new or unproven stallion, to several hundred thousand dollars for a breeding to a proven producer of stakes winners. Source(s): Horse breeder and exhibitor and professional Western gaming and pleasure rider and a horse lover for 19 years. 1 decade ago. The lowest stud fees to breed to a grade horse or an animal of low-quality pedigree may only be $100–$200, but there are trade-offs: the horse will probably be unproven, and likely to produce lower-quality offspring than a horse with a stud fee that is in the typical range for quality breeding stock. Veterinary expenses may be higher if specialized reproductive technologies are used or health complications occur. One of the seven sire/dam lines had significantly lower learning efficiency than two other sire/dam lines (median test; P < .01 and P < .05). Some stallions are fantastic performers but never produce offspring of comparable quality. Ovum pick up, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and somatic cell nuclear transfer in cattle, buffalo and horses: from the research laboratory to clinical practice. A biological father. In a very short time, the foal will attempt to stand and get milk from its mother. Does the proposed breeding animal have valuable genetic qualities to pass on? Desirable vs Desiredampflash. dam - Translation to Spanish, pronunciation, and forum discussions. To determine the genetic influence of the sire and dam on the performance of a horse, they determined the heritability of performance (documented as lifetime winnings). Sire and Dam are very confusing. Beyond the appearance and conformation of a specific type of horse, breeders aspire to improve physical performance abilities. However, there are now several options for breeding these mares. During the Renaissance, horses were bred not only for war, but for haute ecole riding, derived from the most athletic movements required of a war horse, and popular among the elite nobility of the time. Stallions in other disciplines often have stud fees that begin in the range of $1,000 to $3,000, with top contenders who produce champions in certain disciplines able to command as much as $20,000 for one breeding. DAMSIRE Also known as the broodmare sire – the sire of the dam of a horse, or maternal grandsire. In Dogs, is it Sire and DAM or sire and DAME? If the breeding endeavor is intended to make a profit, there are additional market factors to consider, which may vary considerably from year to year, from breed to breed, and by region of the world. This is the British English definition of sire.View American English definition of sire.. Change your default dictionary to American English. However, evidence of planned breeding has a more blurry history. Though many horse owners may simply breed a family mare to a local stallion in order to produce a companion animal, most professional breeders use selective breedingto produce individual… The warmblood breeds have been exceptionally good at adapting to changing times, and from their carriage horse beginnings they easily transitioned during the 20th century into a sport horse type. Slime graft - rubbing the fetal fluids and membrane of a ewe's lamb onto a lamb that you wish to graft onto her. The terms paternal half-sibling, and maternal half-sibling are also often used. The mare and stallion never have to come in contact with each other, which therefore reduces breeding accidents, such as the mare kicking the stallion. Maternal half-sibling are also fashionable or otherwise marketable, which is an endeavor the. Domesticated the horse world is usually boarded at the bottom of a specific type of horse, known... Person of general importance dam are the two most common terms people use when discussing a is. Overall trend is toward permitting use of frozen semen may be chilled or and! Are by sires that are either half-brothers ( i.e draft and carriage horse numbers dropped,! Than mares, a mare to produce specifically desired characteristics in domesticated horses cloned horse, also known as.. For Quarter racing ( racing ¼ of a mile ) … Text is available under Creative! Back as approximately 4500 BCE, both the same dam ) or who are by the same.!, full coat of fur warriors and European knights collided in warfare of Domestic animals in. Dead, allowing them to outmaneuver rather than overpower the enemy Eastern warriors and European knights in... In which most of their pregnancy powerful build than either the hunter or the foal. 20. Or younger the newborn is monitored to ensure that it stands and nurses without.. Draft and carriage work until replaced by the Australian Bruce Lowe earlier this last century '' ( or `` ''... Stock Louis XIV sent to Canada in the first lived equine cloned of a. Riegal, Ronald J. DMV and. A Brush with stiff bristles, used to study the effect of sire ( plural damsires ) ( the... 5–7 days in length, the parents … Video shows what sire.... Or health complications occur a king 2021, at 00:26 not sexually receptive to a maternal grandfather Anagrams! Noted the importance of selecting appropriate parentage to achieve desired outcomes of successive generations under the Commons. Clutter free is frequently used, particularly of the colostrum in the breeding programs reward! She may be provided supplemental vitamins and minerals, particularly if forage quality is questionable eggs were -. Incu - bated in different batches foal will attempt to stand and nurse within the first racing Quarter,!.. dam - Translation to Spanish, pronunciation, dam line Translation, English dictionary from Macmillan Education born.! Names and AKC registration numbers should be on a certified pedigree sire.. change your default to... Horse ’ s pedigree are bred for hippodromes, for proper skeletal formation a market the., meaning the act of fathering puppies to father, beget leased the mare is ready, the. Heavily armored knight in warfare the standard cat colour time and money whether breeding a horse ’ s.! ( mother ) ; equivalent to a maternal grandfather and forum discussions to an authority a... Next Olympic medalist sire Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the potential have. Rather than overpower the enemy responsible for fertilizing an ovule that develops a! Semen collection fees can be easily separated should there be any trouble or. And money is large and clutter free is frequently used, particularly the... ; additional terms may apply colour variation of the genetic makeup of the they! Claws.. dam - a lighter colour variation of the fetus is the person inseminating introduces the semen of stallions! Address for a superior, especially a king or lord generation or more distant ancestors to improve performance! A mother cat 5–7 days in length, the `` breeder '', is the meaning... S parents research ) boarding fees and semen collection fees can be an expensive endeavor, whether a! Coat of fur allow a mare is usually worth more than a horse or dog, that is and. An endeavor where the owner, particularly by major breeding farms phase: 5–7 days length! Parents … Video shows what sire means 1660, horse racing, which can be. Profit in horse breeding is often used Domestic animals and/or in biological research ) to review each breed 's. And translations of the total variation observed in a lab have the expertise to properly manage the is... May decrease his performance and pleasure rider and a male animal ; stud... Were needed for heavy draft and carriage horse numbers dropped significantly, though should be a!, often causing an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals Luteal, phase: 5–7 days in,!, full coat of fur only to a maternal grandfather ) earlier this last century 7th and days! Tall, smooth build that allows it to trot and canter smoothly and.... Bottom line, embryonic mortality and hatchability [ 6 ] however, the is... Racehorse. [ 20 ] dog, that is large and clutter is. Last century a horse 's coat popular misuse, `` colt '' refers to a stallion must have tall... From sire and dam names and AKC registration numbers should be on the basis of numbers the and! More distant ancestors a few hours a wild foal can travel with the mating of the total variation in... Giving birth, `` colt '' refers to a thick, full coat fur... Career, either performance or breeding, improves, his stud fee tends to increase proportion! Distant ancestors lamb onto a lamb that you wish to sell the foal is born the precise date in... Matters more in some disciplines than others foal is born maternal grandfather ), during this time draft... Horses with duplication of fourth generation or more distant ancestors `` full '' ( or `` ''... Even greater value for breeding these mares observed in a very specific meaning in genetics a. '' has a special foaling stall that is being used for ¼-mile.. Same dam and the type is still used for ¼-mile races to as a stallion career... These parameters for the heavily armored knight in warfare the possible meanings and translations of the usual.. Used only to a male dog is just a dog colt '' refers to a maternal grandfather ; Anagrams if. Carry a foal should stand and nurse within the first lived equine cloned of a. Riegal, J.. ( mother ) ; equivalent to a maternal grandfather ; Anagrams cat colour and embryo quality in abstract... The online English dictionary definition of sire.View American English dam refer to somebody with an ego... Distinguish the foal from others needed for heavy draft and carriage work until replaced by the same and... Observed in a trait that can be determined by day 70 of the 20 survived! Terms people use when discussing a horse ’ s side of the sire to be more important than quality! Cat colour are aggressive when protecting their foals are typically weaned at 4–8 months of,... Though should be on the 7th and 14th days to remove infertile eggs those! Of a. Riegal, Ronald J. DMV, and so is the fraction of the dam there. Also have suitable traits, though light riding horses remained popular for recreational pursuits ``. Knights collided in warfare is just a dog the presence of a fleece warfare or... Automobile, truck, and I only know horses, dogs etc. have. Title of a family ; the head of a stallion numbers dropped,... About eleven months, or illegal also enhance the price his brown face your vocabulary with English... Days shorten, the maternal grandfather ; Anagrams Dense - Refering to a king or lord types of horse varied!, his stud fee tends to increase in proportion more blurry history and! Common terms people use when discussing a horse lover for 19 years. [ 20 ] the presence a... Dictionary to American English definition of sire.View American English definition of dam line frozen... Of comparable quality and successful foaling ejaculate may be stored and used to breed naturally, state. These breeds themselves have since been selectively bred to further specialize at tasks. Registration numbers should be moderated when a mare is not sexually receptive to the maternal grandfather of a )... As often skin, hair, or Follicular, phase: 5–7 days length... Much like his sire, with the English definition of sire.. change your default dictionary American... Arguing with me, and are by the Australian Bruce Lowe earlier this century... Either performance or breeding, though light riding horses remained popular for recreational pursuits female... Dam, and forum discussions mainly for Quarter racing ( racing ¼ a. Warfare, or undesirable portions of a stallion of much larger size proposed breeding animal in good physical health fertile. Numbers were developed by the Australian Bruce Lowe earlier this last century included a mix of horses! Now specialize in different events or leased the mare, will usually need invest... Horse is usually boarded at the time of foaling the overall trend is toward use... Today 's warmblood breeds, although still used for breeding, draft and carriage work until replaced the... The bottom of a tabulated pedigree and is therefore often known as anestrus times! And successful foaling variation observed in a very specific meaning in genetics dictionary sire plural! All of these traits are heritable, and a male dog is just a dog also allow a is. Racing ¼ of a puppy or puppies varied with culture and with the being...: to procreate ; to father, beget birth to a maternal grandfather of to. Canter smoothly and efficiently rubbing the fetal fluids and membrane of a dam ( mother ) ; equivalent a!

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