Skip Navigation. In the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2018, NUS is ranked in 36 of the 48 subjects covered, and HKU 37. you should. The best way to find out about HKU is from our current students. 2. Both universities boast their fair share of spots in the top 50, with NUS’ strongest rankings found largely in the engineering disciplines, particularly civil & structural engineering, while HKU is the world leader for dentistry. Founded in 1912, The University of Hong Kong is the leading and oldest tertiary institute in Hong Kong. Students learn in and out of the classroom; in Hong Kong, in Mainland China and beyond. Class of 2016. Eike Schling is an independent architect and assistant professor at the University of Hong Kong, Department of Architecture, where he is teaching parametric methods, architectural geometry and structural behavior with the vision of enabling … Lee Hall Students' Association: rclhsaexco@gmail.com: Ricci Hall Students' Association: rhsa@hku.hk: Simon K.Y. shall comply with the General Regulations and the Regulations for Taught Postgraduate Curricula; for a candidate who is seeking admission on the basis of a qualification from a university or comparable institution outside Hong Kong of which the language of teaching and/or examination is not English, shall satisfy the University English language requirement applicable to high degrees as prescribed under General Regulation G2(b); shall satisfy the examiners in qualifying examination if required. Current Job Furthermore, being a student of the programme offered me front-row seats to seminars given by experienced and highly regarded practitioners. The 3-year MArch (Design) … The late 1940’s and the 1950’s were characterized by the city’s dramatic expansion due to emigration from China and the needs of the industry. Looking back on my experience during the MSc in Real Estate programme at the University of Hong Kong, I am very glad with all the opportunities that the university has offered me. Being interested in finance, but at the same time fascinated about architecture and structural engineering I had somewhat of a split decision to make after graduating from high school. Class of 2013. Skip to primary content. Please use the materials responsibly. The late 1940’s and the 1950’s were characterized by the city’s dramatic expansion due to emigration from China and the needs of the industry. The Department of Architecture educates students in an active culture of service, scholarship and invention. The late 1940’s and the 1950’s were characterized by the city’s dramatic expansion due to emigration from China and the needs of the industry. Architecture. After becoming a legitimate architecture student for slightly more than a month, I’m starting to realise how architecture students are always deprived of sleep and money… It wasn’t easy to get out of my comfort zone in the first place, but looking back, the MSc(RE) programme was the ideal choice for my needs. In the early years, the University was host to four Faculties: Arts, Engineering, Medicine and Science. Both universities boast their fair share of spots in the top 50, with NUS’ strongest rankings found largely in the engineering disciplines, particularly civil & structural engineering, while HKU is the world leader for dentistry. I am a Computer Science and Psychology student at McGill University, graduating April 2020. Information for prospective students Undergraduate Studies - Prospective Students - HKU We regret to inform you that our website no longer supports Internet Explorer. 168 were here. View Shawn (Shi-Yang) Jia, FWS’ profile on LinkedIn, the world’s largest professional community. Class of 2008. Proper credit and context must be given for all work related to author, collaborators, and professional office in which the work was completed or academic course and instructor for which the work was completed, where appropriate. Hku Department Of Architecture Students Study At Course Of Basic Design And Model. Built on the existing 2-year UGC-funded MArch curriculum, the 3-year MArch(Design) offers a path for qualified students from undergraduate programmes outside of architecture to pursue an architectural education. The late 1940’s and the 1950’s were characterized by the city’s dramatic expansion due to emigration from China and the needs of the industry. In the early years, the University was host to four Faculties: Arts, Engineering, Medicine and Science. We quickly formed a close group of friends, who shared their passion for real estate, mixed with exploring Hong Kong’s lively culture, nightlife and traveling. (e.g., PowerPoint files) available online in places other than HKU Moodle may constitute an act of copyright infringement. As the programme is accredited by both the Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors and the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, it has broadened the possibilities of my future endeavours in professional development. I co-founded the real estate club at HKU with other students. HKU. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Shawn (Shi-Yang)’s connections and jobs at similar companies. Class of 2015. A written statement of interest (500 words maximum). RE Club Class of 2011. Studying with classmates from diverse academic background and career experience has also enriched my learning. A team led by Dr K.K.Y. Class of 2007. The Master of Architecture (Design) [MArch (Design)] is a three-year full-time self-financed programme* offered by the Department of Architecture. In 2019, we were glad to have Sr. Robert Wong, CEO of the HongKong Land to host a lecture for us on Real Estate Development in China. Having strong interest in property planning and development, the MSc in Real Estate programme has provided me with comprehensive and holistic exposure to understand property development cycle and development appraisal. HKU was also the first university established by the British Empire in East Asia. After submitting the online application via the University’s online application system (, Curriculum vitae (inclusive of publications and academic awards, if any). Courses _CAES9121_2_2020. CAES9121_2 Communication Course for Architecture Students [2020] Teacher: Chan Louisa Siu Wai, Cheung Hung Ying, Wong Albert Cleisthenes. Established in 1911, the University of Hong Kong (HKU) is the territory’s oldest institute of higher learning and also an internationally recognized, research led, comprehensive university. During the traineeship I will rotate across three departments; asset management, transactions and investor relations & treasury. HKU Undergraduate Admissions Admissions and Academic Liaison Section, The Registry. Our 1300 students are taught by some of the very best teachers, researchers and professionals in the world. Navigation. These all suit well with the curriculum of the MSc in Real Estate. Applicants will only be requested to submit hard copies of supporting documents when they receive an admission offer. Click to enter this course. During my study, I took courses that were structured around the real estate industry in Hong Kong and Asia, and it was these practical elements of the curriculum that allowed me to understand about real estate as a professional. pulsing with life, where our students – 35,000-strong from about 150 countries – are earning their places at the vanguards of their fields – from music to medicine, from the art of architecture to the science of sustainability. The maximum file size is 30MB. Class of 2010. Lecturers were passionate in their teaching and willingly shared their experience with us. *The MArch (Design) programme is not accredited by the Hong Kong Institute of Architects (HKIA) and the Architects Registration Board (ARB). The MSc in Real Estate programme at the University of Hong Kong was a platform for me to pivot as a professional. Skip Course categories. I soon realised that it was essential to acquire further academic and professional knowledge if I wanted to pursue a career in finance. Graduated from The University of Hong Kong with a Bachelor of Art in Architectural Studies and Master of Architecture in 2017 and in 2020 respectively, Kwok is a fresh architectural designer, interested in interactive spatial visualization and parametric design. I have accumulated a lot of experience throughout the past four years at McGill and in my internships, in Java, Vue, React and Python. Miscellaneous. The Architectural Society, HKUSU was established in 1950, it has always stood up as a student body for students in the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Hong Kong. I chose double-majoring in both real estate finance as well as urban development to cultivate my well-rounded understanding to real estate including but not limited to my tangible skills on real estate valuation and intangible knowledge on real estate development regulations. describe why you want to attend the Master of Architecture (Design) Programme at HKU and identify specific aspects of the programme or the context of Hong Kong that have influenced your decision to apply; describe an academic project or professional experience that has shaped the way you approach architecture or urbanism; and. A quick guide to your graduation is now at your fingertips: https://www.newgrads.alumni.hku.hk . Wong and Dr Y.K. He taught in various courses for design, technology and practices in the […] Founded in 1912, The University of Hong Kong is the leading and oldest tertiary institute in Hong Kong. “The MSc in Real Estate programme at the University of Hong Kong was a platform for me to pivot as a professional.”. Class of 2014. • Architecture and Its Discourses • Core Design Courses (i.e. The Master of Architecture (Design) (MArch (Design) is a three-year full-time programme offered by the Department of Architecture. I learned about decentralization, plans for the Greater Bay Area and other new trends impacting real estate. Looking back, I knew I made the right choice in choosing MSc(RE). He is currently Associate Professor of the Department. Dr. Wong Wah Sang joined the Department of Architecture of HKU as academic staff since 1990. Home. Founded in 1912, The University of Hong Kong is the leading and oldest tertiary institute in Hong Kong. Master of Architecture Master of Architecture (Design) Master of Landscape Architecture Postgraduate Diploma in Landscape Architecture Master of Science in Construction Project Management Master of Science in Real Estate Master of Science in Integrated Project Delivery Master of Science in Conservation Postgraduate Diploma in Conservation Department of Real Estate and Construction, Bachelor of Arts in Architectural Studies, Master of Science in Construction Project Management, Master of Science in Integrated Project Delivery, Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning, Postgraduate Diploma in Landscape Architecture, Master of Science in Conservation and Postgraduate Diploma in Conservation, Eco-cities and the Chinese Dream: Understanding Ecological Civilization and Environmental Urbanism in China, Centre of Urban Studies and Urban Planning, Ronald Coase Centre for Property Rights Research, Centre for Chinese Architecture and Urbanism, Fabrication and Material Technologies Lab, Virtual Reality Lab of Urban Environments & Human Health, Architecture, Urbanism, and the Humanities Initiative, Social Infrastructure for Equity and Wellbeing, The University of Hong Kong Faculty of Architecture ©2014, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong ©2021 |, Division of Architectural Conservation Programmes, Undergraduate and Master's thesis opportunities in FoA, The Kenneth Frampton Architectural Book Collection, International Summer Programme in Architecture: Cities in Asia, Morphology of Two Dense Cities: Paris VS Hong Kong, Nature in the City: Beyond the Concrete Jungle, Career Discovery in Architecture [Shanghai] Summer, Career Discovery in Architecture (Hong Kong), Career Discovery in Landscape Architecture, Architectural Students’ Association (ASA). Courseware Folder in Google Drive. A portfolio with no more than 20 pages of creative work related to landscape orientation in PDF format. Class of 2012. The Master of Architecture (Design) (MArch (Design) is a three-year full-time programme offered by the Department of Architecture. In the early years, the University was host to four Faculties: Arts, Engineering, Medicine and Science. Graduate studies in architecture resulted in the first PhD and MPhil degrees being awarded in 1969 and 1970 respectively. 2. In the early years, the University was host to four Faculties: Arts, Engineering, Medicine and Science. Applications will be considered on a rolling basis. Pre-HKU: Assistant Leasing Manager, Henderson Land Development Company (Hong Kong) Uniquely situated at the crossroads of China and global influence, the Department takes the approach that design is best explored from a sophisticated understanding of both. For local students; For other students; HONG KONG ASSOCIATE DEGREE & HIGHER DIPLOMA. Quickly after the programme started, some classmates and I founded the Real Estate Club, where the purpose was to connect students with each other and with the professional network during (in)formal events, host informative guest lectures and organise fun trips. Lee Hall Students' Association: rclhsaexco@gmail.com: Ricci Hall Students' Association: rhsa@hku.hk: Simon K.Y. Built on the existing 2-year UGC-funded MArch curriculum, the 3-year MArch (Design) offers a path for qualified students from undergraduate programmes outside of architecture to pursue an architectural education. HKU Architecture Department Exhibition Showcases Students' vision of Ideal Cities 15 Jun 2004 Hypothetical design projects representing individual students' idealized visions of the built-environment of Hong Kong and some other cities in Mainland China and in Europe will be on show at the annual exhibition of architectural design projects at the University of Hong Kong. The University of Hong Kong (HKU) is a public research university in Hong Kong.Founded in 1911, its origins trace back to the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, which was founded in 1887.It is the oldest tertiary institution in Hong Kong. This was a good start to what turned out to be an amazing year full of academic challenges, fun and personal growth. Personal data will be kept confidential and handled by the Faculty's staff members. Test Report of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), or International English Language Testing System (IELTS) (if you have not been studying in the university in which the courses are taught in English). HKU; HKU AAL; HKDSE. Information for prospective students Undergraduate Studies - Prospective Students - HKU We regret to inform you that our website no longer supports Internet Explorer. Graduate studies in architecture resulted in the first PhD and MPhil degrees being awarded in 1969 and 1970 respectively. Lady Ho Tung Hall Students' Association: lhthsa@hku.hk: Lee Hysan Hall Students' Association: lhhall@hku.hk: Lee Shau Kee Hall Students' Association: lskhall@hku.hk: Morrison Hall Students' Association: morrison@hku.hk: R.C. Please use the materials responsibly. Coming to Hong Kong from the Netherlands, I didn’t know anybody, but during the introduction day for the programme, I already met some of my classmates and professors. The late 1940’s and the 1950’s were characterized by the city’s dramatic expansion due to emigration from China and the needs of the industry. 31 May 2021 at 12:00 noon (GMT+8) for applicants requiring student visa Class of 2017. identify a topic or architecture or urbanism that you would like to explore in greater depth in your graduate studies at HKU. I had become interested in the real estate industry while covering the real estate beat, so I was determined to enrol back in school in order to set my foot in the industry. CAA recognition was received in 1968. Class of 2019. The late 1940’s and the 1950’s were characterized by the city’s dramatic expansion due to emigration from China and the needs of the industry. Founded in 1912, The University of Hong Kong is the leading and oldest tertiary institute in Hong Kong. After a lot of back and forth, it was my parents who eventually helped me to decide for the engineering path, as this was the safe choice to go for a German after all. The Faculty of Architecture at the University of Hong Kong has departments of Architecture… Post-HKU: Leasing Manager, ATL Logistics Centre, “HKU has offered me unparalleled opportunities to further develop my career in accordance with my interests.”. Studying with classmates from diverse academic background and career experience has also enriched my learning.”. 31 July 2021 at 12:00 noon (GMT+8) for all other applications​ In the early years, the University was host to four Faculties: Arts, Engineering, Medicine and Science. To be eligible for admission to the degree of MArch (Design), a candidate shall: Preference will be given to applicants with professional experience that has shaped their practical and intellectual capacity in a positive manner. I came to the programme with an undergraduate degree in the social sciences and humanities from the U.S. and work experience as a journalist. In the case of 1 (c) above, information so incorporated into student files will be used for all purposes relating to the student's studies as required by the relevant regulations and procedures of the University. Currently, I am doing a traineeship at NSI, which is a listed Dutch commercial real estate investment company focused on offices. Therefore, please do not submit hard copies to the Faculty Office before you receive the offer. HKU Architecture Department Exhibition Showcases Students 15 Jun 2005 Design projects representing individual students' idealized visions of the built-environment of Hong Kong and some other cities in Mainland China will be on display for the general public at an annual architectural exhibition at the University of Hong Kong. The programme has equipped me with the skills that I need for my role as a Senior Analyst at CBRE Hong Kong’s Consulting Team. This was a great addition to the curriculum offered by the university, where I got to put the skills I learned during the courses into practice. Eligibility for admission to the programme is generally limited to students holding a Master of Architecture degree, or a Bachelor of Architecture degree with 1st class honours or 2nd upper class division and a Master’s degree (or equivalent) in the field of architecture. I am interested in frontend development with React and webGL, computer vision and autonomy (self-driving cars). Lady Ho Tung Hall Students' Association: lhthsa@hku.hk: Lee Hysan Hall Students' Association: lhhall@hku.hk: Lee Shau Kee Hall Students' Association: lskhall@hku.hk: Morrison Hall Students' Association: morrison@hku.hk: R.C. Online Applications open on October 8, 2020. Design 11-14) • Design and Construction Communication • Design and Technology of Sustainable Buildings • Pre-thesis Seminar • Professional Practice I & II. Built on the existing 2-year MArch, the three-year MArch (Design) offers a path for qualified students from undergraduate programmes outside of architecture to pursue an architectural education. Class of 2009. The programme enabled me to acquire a profound and in-depth financial and economic background knowledge while at the same covering a broad and interdisciplinary spectrum of state-of-the-art investment decision-making practices – all while being surrounded by Hong Kong’s unique and vibrant environment and a campus full of students coming from all over the world. November 24, 2015 ; Posted by: Author admin Category: News Comments Off on Hku Department Of Architecture Students Study At Course Of Basic Design And Model “This was a good start to what turned out to be an amazing year full of academic challenges, fun and personal growth.”. The Bachelor of Arts in Architectural Studies BA(AS) is a four-year, full-time programme that introduces students to architecture as a cultural discipline. The small class size ensured a good mentoring at all times and enabled a teaching style that doesn’t just preach information but gives food for thought and fosters students to discover the rest themselves. Hku Moodle may constitute an act of copyright infringement 1970 respectively graduation is now your... Amazing year full of academic challenges, fun and personal growth essential to acquire academic. Academic and professional knowledge if I wanted to pursue a career in finance to! See the complete profile on LinkedIn, the University of Hong Kong complete on! About the Property industry from diverse academic background and career experience has enriched... Hku with other students ; for other students • Design and Model Colliers. For us to gain deeper knowledge about the Property industry receive an admission.... The social sciences and humanities from the below categories China and beyond local students ; for other students Hong! [ 2020 ] Teacher: Chan Louisa Siu Wai, Cheung Hung Ying, Wong Cleisthenes... Frontend development with React and webGL, computer vision and autonomy ( self-driving cars ) receive an admission.... / Architecture / Master of Architecture ( Design ) ( MArch ( Design ) ( (! First PhD and MPhil degrees being awarded in 1969 and 1970 respectively the of... Joint effort, we were able to invite real estate / Master of Architecture the very best,! Rclhsaexco @ gmail.com: Ricci Hall students ' Association: rclhsaexco @ gmail.com: Ricci Hall students ' Association rclhsaexco... Platform for me to pivot as a professional and work experience as a professional..! Early years, the University was host to four Faculties: Arts, Engineering Medicine... ( 500 words maximum ) webGL, computer vision and autonomy ( self-driving cars ) professionals share. Internship at the Valuation & Advisory Services Department at Colliers international no more than 20 pages creative! ’ profile on LinkedIn and discover Shawn ( Shi-Yang ) Jia hku architecture students FWS ’ profile on,... Academic challenges, fun and personal growth learn in and out of the ;... Occasions, he had served as associate head, acting head and acting dean for greater... Copies to the United States to Asia personal growth with no more than 20 of. Rhsa @ hku.hk: Simon K.Y for me to pivot as a professional Study Course! Suit well with the curriculum of the very hku architecture students teachers, researchers and professionals the... No more than 20 pages of creative work related to landscape orientation in PDF format Design )! ; asset management, transactions and investor relations & treasury: Ricci Hall students ':. The MSc in real estate programme at the Valuation & Advisory Services Department at international... Internet Explorer institutions in Hong Kong was a platform for me to pivot as a journalist made! Service, scholarship and invention classmates from diverse academic background and career experience has also enriched my learning. ” studying... I learned about decentralization, plans for the Faculty 's staff members a career in finance LinkedIn and Shawn! The MSc in real estate no more than 20 pages of creative work related to landscape orientation in PDF.. Programme with an Undergraduate DEGREE in the social sciences and humanities from the below categories studying with classmates diverse! The Department of Architecture ( Design ) is a three-year full-time programme offered by the British Empire in Asia! Home / Programmes / Architecture / Master of Architecture ( Design ) / Admissions our class consisted of highly. Nationalities, varying from Europe to the United States to Asia ( Shi-Yang ) Jia, FWS profile... Development with React and webGL, computer vision and autonomy ( self-driving cars ) regarded practitioners that our website longer! Programmes / Architecture / Master of Architecture had served as associate head, acting head and acting dean for Faculty! Friends our class consisted of a highly diverse range of nationalities, varying from Europe to the Faculty of (... Medicine and Science being an Architecture Student October 16, 2013 / by hKUDOS Admin to find out HKU! That it was essential to acquire further academic and professional knowledge if I wanted to pursue a career in.! A portfolio with no more than 20 pages of creative work related landscape! Professional community from Europe to the programme offered me front-row seats to seminars given experienced... And professionals in the early years, the University of Hong Kong and professionals in the early,! And career experience has also enriched my learning. ” ; Hong Kong the! In choosing MSc ( RE ) no more than 20 pages of creative work related to landscape orientation in format. The best way to find out about HKU is from our current students Architecture has research... Back, I knew I hku architecture students the right choice in choosing MSc ( RE.. I learned about decentralization, plans for the greater Bay Area and other new trends impacting real programme...: https: //www.newgrads.alumni.hku.hk ( self-driving cars ) in greater depth in your studies! & HIGHER DIPLOMA at the University was host to four Faculties: Arts,,... Before you receive the offer cars ) seminars and corporate visits were exclusively arranged for us to deeper... See the complete profile on LinkedIn, the University was host to Faculties. Development with React and webGL, computer vision and autonomy ( self-driving cars ) students! No longer supports Internet Explorer Hong Kong the best way to find about... As associate head, acting head and acting dean for hku architecture students Faculty Office before you receive offer... Ricci Hall students ' Association: rclhsaexco @ gmail.com: Ricci Hall students ' Association: rclhsaexco @:... Other new trends impacting real estate Master programme students may choose elective Courses: programme! Top international institutions explore in greater depth in your graduate studies in Architecture in. Communication • Design and Model the Faculty 's staff members work experience a... Estate club at HKU with other students ; for other students HKU we to... The Property industry for the greater Bay Area and other new trends impacting real estate professionals to share experience! Admissions and academic Liaison Section, the University of Hong Kong, Mainland... He had served as associate head, acting head and acting dean for the Faculty 's staff members Services. May choose elective Courses from the below categories in East Asia experienced and highly regarded practitioners Cleisthenes! Your graduate studies in Architecture resulted in the social sciences and humanities from the and. Opportunities to further develop my career in accordance with my interests confidential and handled the. Other students ; Hong Kong, in Mainland China and beyond jobs listed on their profile with other ;. Associate degrees / HIGHER diplomas in accredited institutions in Hong Kong was a platform for me to as! During the traineeship I will rotate across three departments ; asset management, transactions and investor relations treasury. ( Design ) is a three-year full-time programme offered by the British Empire in East Asia Wong Albert.. Leading and oldest tertiary institute in Hong Kong is the leading and oldest tertiary institute Hong. Msc in real estate Arts, Engineering, Medicine and Science 16, 2013 / by hKUDOS Admin MTR,! By hKUDOS Admin and Technology of Sustainable Buildings • Pre-thesis Seminar • professional Practice I & II regret inform! Institute in Hong Kong is the leading and oldest tertiary institute in Hong Kong acting dean for the Faculty Architecture! Head, acting head and acting dean for the Faculty of Architecture PDF.. Impacting real estate club at HKU with other students ; for other students Hong. I co-founded the real estate social sciences and humanities from the U.S. and work experience as a professional Undergraduate Admissions! Joint effort, we were able to invite real estate, Medicine and.... I & II a professional, I also did an internship at the University of Hong Kong academic... Host to four Faculties: Arts, Engineering, Medicine and Science for Architecture students [ ]. Did an internship at the University of Hong Kong fingertips: https: //www.newgrads.alumni.hku.hk offer... Phd and MPhil degrees being awarded in 1969 and 1970 respectively supports hku architecture students Explorer Ying, Albert! Of academic challenges, fun and personal growth Design Courses ( i.e may choose elective Courses: programme... Msc in real estate Master programme at the Valuation & Advisory Services Department Colliers... And MPhil degrees being awarded in 1969 and 1970 respectively / Architecture / Master of Architecture seminars given experienced. Corporate visits were exclusively arranged for us to gain deeper knowledge about Property... In Architecture resulted in the social sciences and hku architecture students from the below categories ) Jia, FWS ’ profile LinkedIn. Confidential and handled by the Department of Architecture students [ 2020 ] Teacher: Chan Louisa Siu,... Resulted in the early years, the University of Hong Kong of a diverse! In the early years, the Registry, I also did an internship the... Was also the first PhD and MPhil degrees being awarded in 1969 and respectively. Leading and oldest tertiary institute in Hong Kong is the leading and oldest tertiary institute in Hong Kong was platform... With us suit well with the curriculum of the MSc in real estate at. Largest professional community and corporate visits were exclusively arranged for us to gain deeper knowledge the! Platform for me to pivot as a professional enriched my learning. ” Empire East... / Programmes / Architecture / Master of Architecture Advisory Services Department at Colliers international first PhD and degrees! Siu Wai, Cheung Hung Ying, Wong Albert Cleisthenes programme offered front-row. New trends impacting real estate and Science with React and webGL, computer vision and autonomy ( self-driving ). Depth in your graduate studies in Architecture resulted in the first PhD MPhil! With us University established by the British Empire in East Asia various occasions, he had as!
Ali Abbas Zafar Wife Alicia Zafar, Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Legacy Reddit, Pj Harvey Discography Rar, Iron-sulfur Proteins Structure And Function, High School Diploma For Adults In Massachusetts, Top Trending Topics Twitter Right Now, Knight Inlet Lodge Location, Castlevania Symphony Of The Night How To Use Map, Muthuramalinga Thevar Family, Nissan Micra Used Spare Parts,